Eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition, which causes the skin to appear dry, irritated, and red. It can commonly be itchy or painful. It usually appears in red, inflamed patches, and causes the skin to be rought and scaly. It is similar to rosacea, in that it usually happens due to a overactive immune system, or damaged skin barrier. 

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Why does eczema happen? 

Eczema is a result of the skin barrier being unable to function properly. Moisture can escape easily rather than being sealed in- this causes dryness. Irritant and allergens can more easily enter the skin due to the lack of protection from the weakened barrier. This causes inflammation and itchiness. Finally, the immune system overreacts when it senses inflammation- causing increased blood flow to the skin surface, and therefore, visisble redness. 

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When healthy, the skin barrier or stratum corneum, is made up of tightly packed skin cells and lipids and ceramides. This layer prevents irritant from entering, and protects nerve endings and blood vessels below it. When the barrier is damaged, it fails to protect the deeper structures of the skin. The thinned barrier exposes nerve cells which are key to detecting pain, itchiness, and temperature. The exposed blood vessels, recieve inflammatory signals more easily, and so reactions become heightened. This is what causes the skin to appear red and be prainfully itchy. 

How can you treat eczema? 

In order to treat eczema, one can turn towards thick, fragrance free emollients. Keeping the skin thoroughly moisturized is essential for repairing the skin barrier, however products which contain fragrances can trigger irritation. 

In general it is ideal to identify one’s triggers and try to minimize them. (Common triggers are stress, harsh cleansers, essential oils, etc.) 

Excessive itching will only increase the irritation of the skin and should therefore be limited for the best result. Cold compresses can be used at home to manage the painful itching. Topical steroids can also be prescribed by a doctor to minimize irritation.